Indonesian Journal of Engineering and Science
Indonesian Journal of Engineering and Science (IJES) e-ISSN 2774-373X is a peer-reviewed journal that aims at the publication and dissemination of original research articles on the latest developments in all fields of engineering science and technology. The journal publishes original papers in English, which contribute to the understanding of engineering science and improvement of the engineering technology and education. Papers may be theoretical, experimental and paper review. The contribution should be unpublished before and not under consideration for publication elsewhere. wiltoto
PICO-SCALE OPEN FLUME PROPELLER WATER TURBINE PERFORMANCE UNDER VARIATION IN AIRFOIL THICKNESS-TO-CHORD RATIO
Air pollution from coal-fired power plants contributes approximately 44% of Indonesia’s CO₂ emissions. Transitioning to renewable sources, such as hydroelectric power, offers a viable solution, particularly with open-flume propeller turbines in remote areas. This study investigates the effect of T/C ratios on pico-scale open-flume propeller turbines using NACA 44XX airfoils. Three configurations (0.11, 0.12, and 0.13) with varying rotational speeds were evaluated using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations with mesh motion in ANSYS Fluent, along with analytical methods for torque, power output, and efficiency. T/C 0.13 consistently delivered the best performance, reaching a maximum efficiency of 15.39% at 850 rpm. In contrast, the analytical method found that the maximum efficiency of that configuration is approximately 26% at 1100 RPM. The deviation between the analytical and numerical results arises from the analytical method's limitations in capturing the viscous shear flow around the turbine blades and the gap-clearance loss. The pressure distribution analysis revealed that T/C 0.13 maintained the most balanced high–low pressure zones, minimizing early flow separation. T/C 0.12 exhibited instability at high RPM due to less stable pressure differentials, whereas T/C 0.11 maintained stability with sharper pressure gradients and a higher risk of separation despite lower output. These findings emphasize the role of optimal blade geometry in improving efficiency, pressure–velocity stability, and flow control in small-scale water turbines. However, the lack of experimental testing in this study limits the validity of its results; further experimentation is needed.
Copyright (c) 2026 Indonesian Journal of Engineering and Science https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
DESIGN OF A PID CONTROLLER FOR SPEED OF A CONVEYOR
This study presents a compact and energy-aware conveyor speed control system designed to maintain stable and precise motor operation. A PID controller is implemented on an Arduino Mega, using encoder feedback and a discrete Kalman filter to reduce measurement noise and improve response smoothness. The system incorporates an H-bridge driver for motor actuation and an LCD module for on-site monitoring, together with a Python-based interface that provides real-time visualization of set speed, actual speed, and transient response via UART communication. Experimental results show that the controller achieves fast response, minimal steady-state error, and low overshoot across various reference speeds. Performance at a fixed 25-rpm setpoint under both no-load and light-load conditions further demonstrates good disturbance tolerance. Overall, the system offers a reproducible, low-cost, and energy-efficient solution suitable for small conveyor applications in educational and prototyping environments.
EVALUATION OF THE MILLING PROCESS USING AL₂O₃ AND Fe₃O₄ NANOFLUIDS IN AN MQL SYSTEM ON MACHINING POWER AND SURFACE ROUGHNESS
This study investigated the effect of nanofluid-based Minimum Quantity Lubrication (MQL) cooling strategy and machining parameters on machining power and surface roughness in milling process. Two nanofluids, Al₂O₃ and Fe₃O₄, were evaluated under identical cutting conditions. The results showed that the machining power using Al₂O₃ nanofluid was slightly lower than Fe₃O₄ (1%). However, it produced higher surface roughness (14.27%) than Fe₃O₄. Furthermore, machining parameters significantly affected the performance. Increasing cutting speed (vc = 3.23%), feed rate (fz = 0.93%), and depth of cut (ax = 0.33%) led to higher machining power due to increased material removal rate and cutting force. Surface roughness was mainly influenced by fz = 8.49% and ax = 6.16%, with feed rate identified as the dominant factor. Taguchi analysis and ANOVA revealed that depth of cut contributed most to machining power, while feed rate dominated surface roughness. The optimal machining power was achieved at vc = 22.5 m/min, fz = 0.028 mm/tooth, and ax = 0.5 mm, with values of 1.336 kW (Al₂O₃) and 1.341 kW (Fe₃O₄). Meanwhile, the best surface roughness was obtained at vc = 40.8 m/min, fz = 0.028 mm/tooth, and ax = 0.5 mm, with values of 0.596 µm (Al₂O₃) and 0.494 µm (Fe₃O₄).
EXPERIMENTAL ANFIS-FUZZY CONTROLLER FOR BALL AND BEAM SYSTEM
This paper presents the development of an Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) controller for a mid-pivot Ball and Beam system. The nonlinear dynamic model is derived using Euler–Lagrange formulation, followed by DC motor modeling to construct the full state-space system. An ANFIS controller is trained from PID-generated data to enhance adaptability under nonlinear conditions. Simulation and hardware experiments validate the controller’s performance. Results show that the proposed controller can stabilize the system with reasonable accuracy, although overshoot and oscillation remain. Directions for improving intelligent control and hardware design are discussed.
MICROSTRUCTURAL EVOLUTION AND MECHANICAL PERFORMANCE OF SMAW DISSIMILAR WELDS BETWEEN ASTM A36 AND AISI 316 WITH E316-16 ELECTRODE AT DIFFERENT WELDING CURRENTS
This study investigates the effect of welding current on the microstructural evolution and mechanical performance of Shielded Metal Arc Welded (SMAW) dissimilar lap joints between ASTM A36 carbon steel and AISI 316 stainless steel using an E316-16 electrode. Welding was performed at three different currents, namely 60 A, 70 A, and 80 A, to evaluate their influence on microstructure, hardness distribution, and impact toughness. Microstructural characterization was conducted using optical microscopy to examine phase formation and grain morphology in the weld metal and heat-affected zone (HAZ). Mechanical properties were evaluated through Vickers hardness testing and Charpy impact testing. The results show that increasing welding current leads to higher heat input, promoting the formation of finer pearlite and acicular ferrite in the weld metal, along with an expansion of the HAZ. These microstructural changes resulted in increased hardness, with the highest average hardness value of 343.32 HV observed in the weld metal at 80 A. Impact test results indicated that higher welding currents enhanced impact toughness due to the interlocking morphology of acicular ferrite, which effectively retards crack propagation. However, localized grain coarsening was observed near the fusion boundary, particularly within the HAZ. Overall, a welding current of 80 A provided the most favorable combination of hardness and impact toughness, indicating its suitability for optimizing the mechanical performance of SMAW dissimilar welded joints between ASTM A36 and AISI 316.
Copyright (c) 2025 Indonesian Journal of Engineering and Science https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
TEMPERATURE-DEPENDENT CORROSION OF AISI 1020, AL 1050, AND RIVETED JOINTS IN LANDFILL LEACHATE
Corrosion is a critical degradation mechanism for metallic materials operating in aggressive environments such as landfills, where chloride-rich leachate, high moisture, and fluctuating temperatures accelerate electrochemical reactions. This study investigates the corrosion behavior of AISI 1020 carbon steel, Al 1050 aluminium, and their riveted joints under simulated landfill conditions at 30 °C, 40 °C, and 50 °C using the weight-loss method in accordance with ASTM G31-72. The landfill leachate used in this research contained high chloride, BOD, and COD levels, representing a chemically and biologically aggressive medium. Results show that AISI 1020 and Al 1050 experienced the highest corrosion rate at the early immersion stage (day 2), followed by passivation and a significant rate reduction by days 4 and 6. Increasing temperature accelerated initial corrosion for all materials, with Al 1050 showing greater susceptibility due to chloride-induced breakdown of its passive film. Riveted joints displayed much higher and less stable corrosion rates than single-material specimens, especially at elevated temperatures. Galvanic coupling between steel and aluminium, combined with crevice geometry at the rivet interface, intensified localized attack and disrupted protective oxide films. The most severe corrosion occurred in Al 1050 with riveted joints at 50 °C, reaching 0.523 mm/year on day 2. These findings highlight the combined roles of galvanic and crevice corrosion in riveted assemblies under landfill conditions and emphasize the need for careful material selection and joint design in waste management systems.
SELECTION METHOD OF GRINDING MACHINE AND AIR CLASSIFIER IN GRINDING-CLASSIFICATION PROCESS BY USING FSFDMW-TOPSIS
Type selection of grinding machines and air classifiers is a critical issue in dry grinding–classification process design, particularly under uncertain environments where statistical data are unavailable and expert judgments dominate decision making. This study proposes a fuzzy group decision-making framework integrating fuzzy equivalence clustering, fuzzy score function with decision makers’ weights (FSFDMW), and TOPSIS to enhance selection reliability. First, main criteria are identified using fuzzy equivalence clustering. Then, an n-dimensional fuzzy environment is constructed to determine the weights of decision makers and criteria. Finally, a TOPSIS procedure based on fuzzy score functions is applied to rank alternatives. Application to the dental gypsum grinding–classification process shows that the impact mill achieves the highest priority value (0.742), while the MS type air classifier obtains the highest priority value (0.96417). The proposed framework improves decision accuracy while maintaining computational simplicity.
STUDY TO REDUCE VELOCITY NON-UNIFORMITY IN JAW CRUSHER
Jaw crushers are widely used in mining and construction for primary rock size reduction, but their conventional designs often exhibit high energy consumption and unstable dynamic behavior due to pulsating crushing loads. This study investigates the dynamic characteristics of a jaw crusher and proposes an improved inertia distribution strategy to enhance load smoothing while reducing flywheel mass. A combined simulation framework integrating the Discrete Element Method (DEM), rigid-body dynamic modeling, and optimization analysis was employed. DEM simulations were used to model ore fragmentation and quantify the cyclic forces acting on the moving jaw, which were found to follow a Gaussian-type distribution with respect to crank phase angle. The resulting load model was incorporated into a dynamic simulation to evaluate angular velocity fluctuations and motor load behavior. The results show that increasing flywheel mass improves rotational stability but increases start-up load. An optimized eccentric mass installed on a low-mass flywheel reduced start-up time by 35% and velocity non-uniformity by 45%, improving crusher dynamic performance.
SIMULATION OF SCREENING PERFORMANCE AND FLOW BEHAVIOR OF NON-COHESIVE AND COHESIVE MATERIAL ON BANANA SCREEN WITH DIFFERENT APERTURE SHAPES
In this paper, the screening performance and particle flow of non-cohesive and cohesive materials in banana screens with different shapes of aperture are investigated. In our study, the particles have different cohesiveness, i.e. surface energy, depending on the case. Apertures are also rectangular in shape, with different aspect ratios and orientations according the cases. Based on the model, the screening process was simulated by DEM(discrete element method). The screening performance was evaluated in terms of the passing percent of undersize particles, and the flow characteristics were investigated based on the average velocity and the mass distribution of the particles on each panel. The results of the study can help in the design of aperture, structure and material of banana screen for screening of non-cohesive and cohesive materials.
LIQUID SMOKE PRODUCTION FROM PALM KERNEL SHELL PYROLYSIS: COMPARING COLD AIR AND CONVENTIONAL CONDENSATION METHODS
Gas condensation is one of the problems in the liquid smoke production process. Uncondensed gas will have an impact on the liquid smoke produced and air pollution. Here, several methods are applied to determine the percentage level of liquid smoke produced by the gas condensation process. The condensation method uses conventional normal water, gas condensation using cold water, and gas condensation using cold air. The raw materials used are oil palm shells with a size of -4+5 mesh, a pyrolysis temperature of 300-4000C, and a liquid smoke production process for 300 minutes. Based on the test results, gas condensation occurs optimally in the cold air method, with the results of 22% liquid smoke, 64% charcoal, and 14% non-condensed gas. Compared with the condensation of the standard water method, the condensation method of cold air is superior to 36.36% for liquid smoke to minimize air pollution by up to 48%. The results of this study indicate that temperature and fluid effect the effectiveness of the gas condensation process, thereby increasing the yield of liquid smoke and reducing air pollution during the liquid smoke production process.
DESIGN OF A FUZZY CONTROLLER FOR A HEATING FURNACE SYSTEM
In thermal process control, conventional methods like PID often struggle to cope with nonlinearities, time delays, and external disturbances. This study presents the design and implementation of a Mamdani-type fuzzy logic controller for temperature regulation in furnace systems. Unlike traditional controllers, fuzzy logic offers flexibility, robustness, and does not require an accurate mathematical model. The proposed controller uses two input variables—temperature error and its rate of change—and one output variable to adjust the TRIAC firing angle, controlling the system's power input. Through MATLAB simulation and hardware implementation with LM35 sensors and TRIAC modules, the fuzzy system demonstrates rapid response, no overshoot, and stable operation across varying setpoints (50°C, 70°C, 90°C). Comparative results highlight the superior performance of fuzzy control over conventional PID, especially in systems with nonlinear behavior and dynamic characteristics. The findings confirm that fuzzy logic is a practical and efficient solution for real-time temperature control applications, offering high adaptability without manual parameter tuning.
A STUDY OF EXPERIMENTAL FUZZY CONTROL FOR BALL AND TUBE SYSTEM
This paper presents a fuzzy logic control approach for a real ball-in-tube system, which is a classical single-input, single-output (SISO) nonlinear system. The primary objective is to balance the ball's position at a fixed set point while ensuring effective tracking when the reference value changes over time. The results demonstrate the controller's ability to maintain stable ball positioning and provide smooth and responsive tracking behavior in real-time conditions.
FINITE ELEMENT NUMERICAL ANALYSIS FOR FATIGUE STRENGTH IN FSW WELDING OF ALUMINUM-5052 ALLOY
This study applied observations on the fatigue loads of friction stir welding joints of 5052 Aluminum alloy using the finite element method approach. The 3-dimensional model of the test specimen for fatigue loading was designed using CAD software following the ASTM E466 standard. Fatigue loads were simulated numerically using Ansys Workbench software with loading sequences of 5000 N, 10,000 N, 15,000 N, and 20,000 N. The simulation showed a significant increase in equivalent stress from about 9.44e7 Pa to 3.82e8 Pa.. Deformation increased from 0.32 mm to 1.26 mm, while equivalent static strain rose from 0.001 m/m to 0.004 m/m. The S/N curve analysis showed that fatigue life was under 500,000 cycles at loads between 10,000 and 20,000 N, and between 500,000 and 6,000,000 cycles at 5000 to 10,000 N.
PID-CONTROLLED HUMAN DETECTION ROBOT WITH VISUAL PROCESSING ON ALPHABOT-2
This paper presents a human detection and alert robot system based on the AlphaBot2 platform and Raspberry Pi. The system employs a camera with a HOG-based human detection algorithm to locate the target within the frame and uses an ultrasonic sensor to measure the distance to the person. Based on the horizontal offset between the person and the frame centre, the PID controller adjusts the speeds of two DC motors to guide the robot smoothly and steadily toward the person. When the robot reaches a predefined distance from the detected human target, a buzzer is triggered. Through experiments, the effectiveness of the image processing and PID algorithm is evaluated, and optimal parameter values are identified for the system.
COMPARATIVE BLADES NUMBER HORIZONTAL AXIS WIND TURBINES IN PROFILE NACA 0012 USING CFD SIMULATION
This study explores the effect of blade count on the performance of low-scale horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWT) with NACA 0012 profiles using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) methods. The results show that the turbine with three blades achieves the highest efficiency, with a power coefficient (Cp) of 0.54 at a Tip-Speed Ratio (TSR) of 7, while the four-blade turbine reaches a Cp of 0.48 at a TSR of 6. The mechanical power produced by the three-blade turbine is 1,040.81 W, 28% higher than that of the four-blade turbine (927.28 W). The progressive distribution of the pitch angle in the three-blade turbine minimizes the risk of stall and flow separation. These findings suggest that fewer blades can reduce flow interference and vortex-induced losses, making it an efficient solution for the wind energy potential in Indonesia. Future research should explore geometric and material variations for further optimization.
PID TRAJECTORY TRACKING CONTROL FOR BALL-AND-PLATE SYSTEM
Ball-on-Plate (BoP) is developing a ball-and-beam system. This transformation transforms a single input-multi output (SIMO) system into a multi input-multi output (MIMO) under-actuated system. In this paper, we utilize the PID method—a popular linear control method in industry and academia—to track trajectory control for BoP. This system's self-made hardware is presented to test PID control through an experiment. This method is shown to track trajectory control well for real-time BoP.
This study discusses the promising future of renewable energy, focusing on wind, hydropower, and solar thermal potential. The analysis highlights the growing demand for renewable energy driven by global awareness of climate change and supportive government policies, which are facilitating investments and job creation in these sectors. Wind power is presented as increasingly cost-competitive due to technological advancements, while hydropower continues to be a reliable clean energy source amid rising energy demands. Moreover, solar thermal energy prospects in various regions, including China, the U.S., and the Middle East, are explored, emphasizing profitability and alignment with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The study underscores the critical roles of ongoing innovation and effective policies in promoting renewable energy transitions essential for enhancing energy security and achieving sustainability targets.
Copyright (c) 2024 Indonesian Journal of Engineering and Science https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
GLOBAL RENEWABLE ENERGY POTENTIAL AND INSTALLED CAPACITY
This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the global potential and installed capacity of renewable energy sources, focusing on wind energy, hydropower, and solar thermal power. It presents estimates of wind energy potential in leading countries, such as the United States and China, highlighting current installed capacities and investment costs. Similarly, the manuscript details hydropower potential and capacity, emphasizing the importance of geographical factors in different nations. For solar thermal energy, the analysis covers potential resources, installed capacities, and specific developments in the Middle East. Investment costs for each technology are examined, showcasing regional variations. The study underscores the critical role of continued investment, innovation, and supportive policy frameworks in advancing renewable energy sectors, essential for enhancing energy security and addressing climate change. By utilizing data from reputable sources like IRENA, this study contributes valuable insights into the state of global renewable energy.
ADVANCING RENEWABLE ENERGY: TRENDS IN SMART GRID INTEGRATION, DESIGN INNOVATION, AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT
This study examines current trends in renewable energy technologies, emphasizing their integration with smart grids, innovative designs, and environmental impact studies. It highlights how wind turbines, hydropower, solar thermal power, and tidal turbine technology are adapting to enhance efficiency and reliability. Integration with smart grids allows for improved energy management and real-time data utilization in wind and hydropower systems. Innovations in turbine designs aim to optimize performance while minimizing ecological impact, addressing ecological concerns such as wildlife disruption. Environmental studies across these technologies focus on understanding their effects on ecosystems and developing best practices for sustainable energy production. By exploring these trends, the study underscores the importance of continuous research in ensuring renewable energy sources effectively contribute to a sustainable future while mitigating climate change and bolstering energy security.
OCEAN ENERGY AND TIDAL TURBINE TECHNOLOGY
This study explores the potential of tidal energy as a renewable source, detailing the development and future prospects of tidal turbine technology. Beginning with historical concepts from ancient civilizations and the establishment of the Rance Tidal Power Station in 1966, the chapter highlights pivotal advancements in tidal energy systems. It outlines various turbine designs, such as tidal barrage and tidal stream technologies, emphasizing the importance of efficiency and environmental impact assessments. Modern research focuses on minimizing ecological disruption while enhancing turbine performance through innovative materials and monitoring techniques. The manuscript also discusses the role of government policies and collaboration among stakeholders in fostering tidal energy deployment. Despite existing challenges, the future of tidal energy appears promising, with continuous research and innovation poised to unlock its full potential as a sustainable energy solution, contributing significantly to climate change mitigation and energy security.
COMPREHENSIVE OVERVIEW OF HYDROPOWER TECHNOLOGY
This study provides a comprehensive overview of hydropower technology, tracing its historical evolution from ancient applications to modern developments. As the most established form of renewable energy, hydropower has significantly contributed to global energy demands. The chapter discusses the origins of hydropower in ancient civilizations, the transition to electricity generation in the late 19th century, and the massive growth of large dam constructions in the 20th century. Recent trends emphasize environmental considerations, leading to a focus on sustainable practices, innovative technologies, and smaller-scale systems such as run-of-the-river hydropower. The manuscript also highlights challenges, such as balancing energy production with ecological sustainability, and underscores the importance of community engagement and regulatory frameworks. Ultimately, the text advocates for the modernization of existing facilities and the integration of hydropower with other renewable energy sources to enhance sustainability and contribute to a resilient energy future.
This study explores the historical evolution and technological advancements of wind energy, emphasizing its significant role in sustainable development. From ancient windmills in Persia to modern wind turbines, wind energy harnesses renewable resources to meet global energy demands. The 19th-century innovations set the stage for today’s expansive wind farms, characterized by efficiency gains and integration with smart grids. The manuscript addresses ongoing research in turbine technologies, offshore applications, environmental impacts, and hybrid systems. As wind energy aligns with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly those related to clean energy and climate action, it presents opportunities for economic growth and job creation. Challenges such as intermittency, environmental considerations, and policy frameworks are discussed, highlighting the need for continued innovation and strategic investment to maximize wind energy's contribution to a sustainable future.
INTRODUCTION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY: PRESENTS TRENDS AND OBJECTIVES
This study provides a comprehensive analysis of renewable energy sources, focusing on wind, hydropower, solar thermal, and ocean energy, while evaluating current trends and future objectives. Wind energy, with roots dating back to ancient Persia, has evolved significantly with advancements in turbine technology and efficiency enhancements. Hydropower remains a key player in global energy supply, though it faces environmental scrutiny leading to the development of more sustainable systems. Solar thermal power has gained traction with innovations in Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) technology. Ocean energy, utilizing tidal and wave systems, is also emerging as a vital resource. The manuscript emphasizes the integration of renewable technologies into smart grids and aligns these initiatives with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Ultimately, this work advocates for collaborative efforts among governments, businesses, and communities to foster a sustainable energy landscape, addressing climate change while promoting economic growth.
HARNESSING RENEWABLE ENERGY FOR A SUSTAINABLE FUTURE
This manuscript provides a comprehensive analysis of the current state and future prospects of four major renewable energy technologies: wind, hydropower, solar thermal, and ocean energy, with a particular emphasis on tidal energy. The global energy landscape is undergoing a dramatic transformation, driven by increasing energy demand, intensifying environmental concerns, and the urgent need to mitigate climate change. Renewable energy sources are uniquely positioned to lead this transition, offering viable solutions to meet growing energy needs while minimizing environmental impacts and promoting sustainable economic development.
PID CONTROL FOR AUTONOMOUS OBJECT-FOLLOWING ROBOT
This paper presents an experimental study on the PID algorithm applied to a vehicle system that maintains a fixed distance from an object. The research focuses on how changes in PID parameters affect the vehicle's behavior. The system comprises an SRF05 ultrasonic sensor connected to an Arduino, controlling the vehicle is forward and backward movements to follow the object. Through a series of experiments, analyses, and evaluations, the study explores the effectiveness of the PID controller and addresses challenges. The results help identify the optimal PID parameter values for the system systematically.
FEASIBILITY ANALYSIS OF HALF BEAD TECHNIQUE TO REPLACE POST-WELD HEAT TREATMENT IN WELDING A335 GRADE P22 PIPES
This work evaluates the feasibility of using the Temper Bead Welding (TBW) method with the Half Bead technique as an alternative to Post-Weld Heat Treatment (PWHT) for welding A335 Grade P22 pipes. Three treatment methods were compared: preheating, preheating with TBW, and preheating with PWHT. Hardness testing is carried out using the Vickers microhardness testing method. The only preheat method showed the highest hardness values in the HAZ (342 HV), fusion zone (357 HV), and weld metal (334 HV). TBW with the half bead technique had higher hardness only in the base metal (191 HV). PWHT provides the most uniform hardness distribution, effectively relieves residual stresses, and homogenizes the microstructure. TBW reduced HAZ size by 50% more than preheating. The microstructure observed in all methods was ferrite and pearlite, with differences mainly in grain size. Although TBW is a viable alternative for repair, this method is unsuitable for application in early fabrication processes.
THE OPTIMIZATION OF STAINLESS STEEL 304 AND 316 WELDED JOINTS ON CORROSION RATE BY THE TAGUCHI METHOD
The Water Treatment Plant (WTP) is a water purification system designed to meet the water demands for power generation and operational requirements in the petrochemical industry. The current pipeline network in the Demin Plant unit employs carbon materials with rubber cladding, which presents drawbacks, such as extended recovery times during system failures. To address the issue, the research explored welding SS 304 and SS 316 materials as an alternative to the existing carbon pipes with rubber cladding. The study utilized the Taguchi experimental design method, employing an orthogonal array (L9) table to optimize quality improvement while minimizing costs. The experiment included 9 test specimens with three repetitions, examining four welding parameters, each with three levels. Variance (ANOVA) was analyzed using the Minitab software and manual calculations in Microsoft Excel. The results indicated that the factors influencing the corrosion rate of the specimens include the welding method, electrode type, welding speed, and welding current. ANOVA results showed that the welding method (F-value = 5.9176) and welding current (F-value = 8.3492) significantly affected the corrosion rate, whereas the electrode type (F-value = -3.5949) and welding speed (F-value = -2.8321) did not. A confirmation experiment yielded an optimal corrosion rate of 3.0231 mm/y, lower than experiment number 7.
A SURVEY OF LINEAR CONTROL FOR EXPERIMENTAL BALL AND BEAM WITH MIDDLE AXIS
This paper presents an experimental study of linear control algorithms applied to a Ball and Beam system with a central axis. The focus is on evaluating the ball's ability to remain balanced around the central axis and assessing the stability of linear control strategies in real-world applications. The system is controlled using an STM32F4 microcontroller, which manages a DC motor to adjust the beam's angle in response to the ball's position. Through a series of experiments and data analysis, the study explores the effectiveness of linear control in addressing the system's nonlinear dynamics and discusses the practical challenges faced during implementation. The results contribute to a deeper understanding of advanced control techniques and their potential applications in engineering.
OPTIMIZING COUPLING SYSTEMS FOR EFFICIENT POWER TRANSMISSION AND NOISE REDUCTION IN AQUATIC ENVIRONMENTS
This study evaluated a new coupling system for low rotation and minimal power transmission from an electric drive to a propeller in fish ponds, focusing on performance across various bend angles and rotational speeds while measuring noise generation. The methodology included using brass and polyethylene shafts tested with and without grease at rotational speeds up to 2200 RPM. Findings revealed that the bend angle significantly impacts performance, establishing a maximum operational angle of 25 degrees for effective power and rotation transmission, and that grease application results in a 2% noise reduction, underscoring lubrication's importance in enhancing system efficiency and reducing noise. Brass was found inadequate for high-load applications despite its noise reduction and corrosion resistance advantages, suggesting carbon steel with medium carbon content as a superior alternative, given its strength and wear resistance properties. The study emphasizes the need for further research to explore energy losses and environmental impacts to optimize transmission systems in aquatic environments. Future work should also focus on developing specialized design strategies that consider shaft diameter, support spacing, friction resistance, and temperature management for improved long-term performance and reliability.
CONTROL AND MONITORING OF A TWO-AXIS AC-SERVO POSITIONING SYSTEM FOR DISPENSING APPLICATIONS USING PLC S7-1200
The high-speed pulse train output (PTO) function is focused on in this paper, aiming to accurately control the speed and position of two-axis AC-Servo motors for precise dispensing applications. Additionally, attention is directed towards the design of the control interface and system monitoring using WinCC software. The control device used in this project is the PLC S7-1200. The main objective of this study is to develop a logic program that allows for the precise control of the position of the Servo motors and provides a control interface and monitoring system for assessing the system's operation and performance. The project encompasses the construction of the practical system, the programming of the PLC control device through TIA Portal software, the implementation of position control algorithms, the design of the control interface, the monitoring of actual positions, and the ensuring of safety measures. From the defined objectives and the completion of the hardware construction, software programming, and SCADA interface design, the following results have been obtained: optimized hardware design and construction, proper electrical panel wiring, accurate control of the position of the two-axis AC Servo, precise dispensing of the liquid solution, and an intuitive control and monitoring interface. Compared to previous studies, the novelty of our research lies in the ability to accurately control multiple axes with high-speed capability, accurately quantify the dispensed liquid through quantitative experimental results, and design a visually appealing and user-friendly control and monitoring interface.